Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde wage war on thistles: Thistle head weevils, Rhinocyllus conicus

 

 

Invasive species of plants and insects levy billions of dollars of losses to crops, forests, and gardens annually in the US. Some of the most noisome plant invaders of agricultural lands are exotic thistles such as bull thistle, Scotch thistle, and musk thistle. While admiring a gorgeous pollinator meadow in Natural Bridge, Virginia, we were introduced to yet another pretty invasive thistle with the curious moniker of spiny plumeless thistle, Carduus acanthoides. These prickly rascals invaded the meadow and were crowding out flowering native plants, beauties that help support our pollinators and other beneficial insects. On closer inspection, several spiny thistles clearly were suffering from a bad case of blossom rot and defoliation. Tiny beetles behind this mayhem were weevils from afar known as thistle head weevils, Rhinocyllus conicus. How did this saga begin?

Noxious spiny plumeless thistles are native to Europe and Asia and were first detected in the US in Camden, New Jersey, in 1878. Agricultural scientists searched the realms of several invasive thistles and discovered the thistle head weevil, which is native to parts of Europe, North Africa, and western Asia. Weevils were introduced into Canada in 1968 with subsequent introductions to California, Virginia, and Montana in 1969 for the purpose of putting a beat-down on several species of non-native thistles. Populations of thistle head weevils from Virginia were then redistributed to other states. As we wandered the meadow, every spiny thistle we encountered was under attack or bore the scars of attack by these small beetles as they munched leaves, defecated, found romance, and laid eggs on the bracts and leaves of developing flower heads. While defoliation caused by adult feeding weakens thistles, the coup de gras comes when adults deposit eggs on developing flower heads, weevil larvae subsequently hatch and then consume reproductive plant tissues before flowers can form and produce seeds. This foils reproduction in infested thistles. Scientists in Oklahoma report that thistle head weevils can reduce invasive thistles by 90% or more in 10 years or less following their introduction to an infested area. Thistle head weevils are prodigious reproducers with each female capable of laying 100 to 200 eggs during her one-year life cycle.

Spiny plumeless thistles, native to Eurasia, have invaded this pretty pollinator meadow in Virginia. But thistles are besieged by small exotic beetles called thistle head weevils, leaf munchers that deposit eggs in developing flower heads. Weevil larvae hatch from eggs and bore through the flower head, eliminating the flower’s ability to produce seeds. Over a period of several years these beetles can dramatically reduce invasive thistle populations in an area. Unfortunately, they also attack thistles native to North America, imperiling some endemic species. Watch as a mating pair is soon joined by other hungry weevils.

We just met thistle head weevils playing the role of Dr. Jekyll. Now let’s meet Mr. Hyde. Following the release of thistle head weevils in North America in the 1960’s, scientists discovered that the host range of the weevil included some 22 species of native North American thistles. Thistle head weevils pose a serious threat to many endemic thistles, including a California native on the federal endangered species list called the Suisun thistle. Since the time of the first introductions of thistle head weevils to the US, and with greater understanding of potential harm the weevil might cause to native thistles, in 2000 USDA cancelled all permits for interstate movement of the thistle head weevil. Nonetheless, for better or for worse, thistle head weevils are here to stay as terminators of noxious invasive thistles. The big “oops” is the thistle head weevil’s ongoing threat to our home-grown native thistles.  

Acknowledgements

Bug of the Week thanks Dr. Paula Shrewsbury for images that served as the inspiration for this episode. The following articles provided interesting facts and information for this story: “Musk thistle weevils take a stand against pasture bullies” by Lacey Newlin, “Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)” by L. T. Kok”, “Invasive species: What everyone needs to know” by D. Simberloff, and “Rhinocyllus conicus” and “Larinus planus” Integrated Weed Control Program Staff, Washington State University.

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More than 86 million homes across the United States have at least one pet who is a valued member of the household. Keeping your pets happy, healthy, and safe means protecting them from hazards, and that includes pests like insects, rodents, and nuisance wildlife. But is pet-friendly pest control possible?

Absolutely, but it’s essential to talk to pest technicians about your concerns and let them know about any and all pets and livestock on the property. The best course of action is to rely on professionals who have a proven track record of prioritizing the safety of people, pets, livestock, and the environment.

Catseye Pest Control’s modern pest control methods and integrated pest management (IPM) approach do just that and more.

Pest Control Services with Your Needs in Mind

Pesticides aren’t always the appropriate go-to solution. However, when chemical treatments are necessary, the products and application used for that treatment make a significant difference. Today’s household pesticides include low concentrations of chemicals, allowing them to effectively eliminate insects while safeguarding pets (and people). Additionally, the size of the droplets is large enough to prevent it from lingering in the air for extended periods. 

For most pest treatments, it’s best to keep pets, livestock, and people out of the treated area until the treatment dries. This can take one to two hours, but you should talk to your licensed professional for precise guidance on timing based on the treatment they use. 

Catseye’s approach to pest control takes dog safety, cat safety, and the safety of other pets into consideration. Our pet-friendly pest control services include the following: 

Eco-Friendly, Pet-Friendly Pest Control with an IPM Approach 

With an IPM approach, the focus shifts to prevention and maintenance rather than relying heavily on chemical treatments. It begins with a free, thorough inspection of the property that allows technicians to identify what might be drawing pests to the property, how they are getting in, and how to effectively stop them.

We will provide tips on preventing infestations, like securing trash and food items, promptly fixing leaky plumbing, and eliminating standing water outdoors. The inspection also helps our technicians develop a customized treatment plan, which may include making structural repairs, monitoring areas for pests, and using pest products as needed.

Organic and Environmentally-Friendly Services

Modern pest control methods have so many strategies available, including options like biological control. This tactic involves introducing a pest’s natural predators to the area to achieve control without using pesticides. Our environmentally-friendly services target the pest or pests infesting your home, yard, or other area on your property, while allowing us to minimize the use of pesticides.

All our services are safe for pets when you take precautions, as recommended by technicians.

Organic Tick and Mosquito Control: Ticks and mosquitoes are so much more than just outdoor nuisances. These pests pose a significant health threat to people and pets alike. Catseye’s organic tick and mosquito program relies on natural products that are safer for pets, people, and the environment. In addition to providing effective monthly organic treatments around your property, this program also provides tips to help you prevent future infestations.

Wildlife Exclusion Systems: What if you could stop pests from ever entering your property without having to use any chemicals at all? That’s exactly what Catseye’s revolutionary environmentally friendly nuisance wildlife exclusion systems offer. These permanent, chemical-free barriers provide targeted protection to areas that are vulnerable to infiltration by pests like rodents and nuisance wildlife. Each system is guaranteed to provide a long-term solution to protect you, your family, and your pets. 

Platinum Home Protection: Year-round monitoring, maintenance, and prevention is a winning strategy for defending a home against pests of all types. Our Platinum Home Protection includes pest removal inside and outside as well as sealing gaps to prevent pests from finding their way inside. We also perform routine treatments with environmentally-friendly spray to deter pests and prevent infestations. Bi-monthly follow-ups allow us to keep up with any issues. Additionally, we will come to you within 24 hours if you spot a pest in between visits. 

Protect Your Pets and Keep the Pests Outside 

Keeping your pets safe means protecting them from harmful exposure to chemicals. It also requires maintaining a pest-free environment. Insects, rodents, and wildlife can carry dangerous pathogens that could make both people and animals ill.

Choosing the right pest control company can make all the difference in preventing problems. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends looking for a company with the following traits: 

• Licensed by state and/or local agencies and willing to disclose its certification and training requirements 
• Willing to discuss the treatment plan and address any concerns you may have in addition to providing special instructions to keep your pets safe
• Reputable, with an excellent track record for providing efficient care and good customer service 
• Offers a service guarantee and provides transparency about any stipulations related to it 

Catseye Prioritizes Your Interests and Your Pet’s Safety

Our highly trained, licensed professionals are always happy to talk about any and all safety precautions that you should take before, during, and after treatment to safeguard your family and pets. We are always able to provide the label for any products we plan to use for you to review. We strive to provide top-notch customer service and safe, effective treatments that eliminate pests while minimizing dangers.

We take your safety seriously. Contact Catseye today to learn more about our pet-friendly pest control services.

 

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A real geological treasure can be found at Natural Bridge State Park just off of Route 81 near Lexington, VA. Here Cedar Creek wends its way beneath a spectacular dolomitic arch formed when ancient subterranean streams of acidic water dissolved surrounding limestone and created an underground karst cave. Through hundreds of millennia, the cave collapsed and erosion exposed the magnificent arch. While enjoying a hike along gorgeous Cedar Creek, a fellow hiker asked if we had seen the strange yellow snake in a small shrub just a short piece down the river. Never wanting to miss a chance to see a snake, we backtracked to an impressive native herbaceous plant known as small flowered leafcup (Polymnia canadensis). There we discovered what, at first glance, appeared to be a stumpy, banana – yellow snake with large googly eyes meandering along the plant’s stem. Masquerading as a serpent, false eyespots on the body of this trickster have evolved to deceive vertebrate predators like birds. The logic behind this ruse goes something like this. What eats a caterpillar? Birds do. And what eats a bird? Snakes do. So, if you are a caterpillar, looking like a snake might just help scare away a hungry bird, right? Clearly, the “I am a snake not a caterpillar” trick worked well on a human and perhaps this works just as well on other vertebrate predators. 

I usually meet and enjoy spicebush swallowtail caterpillars on spicebush or sassafras trees. Several years ago, I rescued a small spicebush from a construction site and planted it in my back yard. In addition to wonderfully aromatic foliage, spicebush bears gorgeous red berries in autumn that are a favorite with birds. While attracting birds is delightful in its own right, this interesting native plant attracts the magnificent spicebush swallowtail, which uses spicebush as food for its young. After a few years of disappointment, I was rewarded with the appearance of three tiny swallowtail caterpillars hiding in neatly folded leaves. By clipping small notches in the foliage, the first instar larvae bend leaves over to create a tiny refuge. After passing through an ugly duckling phase resembling bird droppings as first instars, caterpillars molt and initiate their art of deception and visual surprises. 

With two large, glistening eyespots, at first glance a spicebush swallowtail caterpillar looks like a snake. This clever ruse may help it escape predation by birds and other predators. Young caterpillars build shelters to avoid detection by clipping and folding leaves. They too have false eyespots and their bodies resemble bird droppings. Yuck!  Older caterpillars sport eyespots on an emerald green background which may turn banana-yellow before they form a chrysalis and emerge as adults. This trickster fooled a human and is thought to fool other predators as well.  

After its first molt, the spicebush caterpillar glistens and its dark brown coloration with brilliant white stripes announces that it is nothing more than a bird dropping. While a dung eating fly might find this attractive, it is unlikely that any self-respecting bird would entertain a bird dropping as a meal. The small spice bush larva has one more bit of visual trickery just in case a nosy predator takes a closer look. When viewed head-on, two beady false eyespots on the thorax and two dashed white lines along the sides create the creepy visage of a viper. As the caterpillar molts and grows, the serpent theme is repeated and enhanced with large vacuous eyespots set in a matrix of serpent green. The last stage of the caterpillar may turn yellow and move from the spicebush or sassafras to form a chrysalis on vegetation nearby before molting to the adult stage. 

If the art of deception fails to fool a predator, the spice bush caterpillar has one more trick up its sleeve. Just behind its head the caterpillar houses a specialized structure called the osmeterium. Usually, this forked orange appendage is tucked beneath the skin out of sight. When the caterpillar is threatened, it extends the osmeterium in the direction of the attacker. This glandular organ is coated with foul smelling chemicals reminiscent of rancid butter. The disturbing visual and olfactory display might be the final deterrent to hungry predators wanting to dine on this beautiful caterpillar. Deception does not end when the spice bush caterpillar transforms to the adult butterfly. Dark colored wings splashed with patches and lines of orange and white are thought to mimic the coloration of the nasty tasting pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor. A trickster as a youth and a trickster as an adult help the spice bush swallowtail to live another day.       

 Acknowledgements

 Thomas Eisner’s delightful book “For Love of Insects” and David Wagner’s wonderful guide “Caterpillars of Eastern North America” were used as references for this episode. Several other insects including owl, promethea, and Io moths use false eyespots to confuse predators.

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This week a family member presented me with an immature tick (nymph) recently removed from the underside of his arm. A quick microscopic examination revealed the tick was engorged, meaning it had fed long enough to possibly transmit a tick-borne illness such as the Borrelia bacterium which causes Lyme disease. Fortunately, with the help of the microscope and some excellent tick identification information from the Québec National Institute of Public Health (Institut national de santé publique du Québec), even a Bug Guy could inform his kin that a nasty case of Lyme disease was not in his future. And how does one figure this out? Well, here comes TMI. On the underside of a tick, the anus is clearly visible (yes, they also have one). Near the anus, a morphological structure called the anal grove is present. Blacklegged ticks have an anal grove that looks like an up-side-down horseshoe enclosing the anus from above. Other species of ticks, ones that don’t carry Lyme disease, have an anal grove that looks like a right-side-up horseshoe enclosing the anus from below. Conclusion – if the horseshoe is up-side-down your luck has run out. If the horseshoe is right-side-up, your luck hasn’t run out and you won’t be getting Lyme disease. You may contract another tick-borne illness, but not Lyme disease. By the way, Lyme disease is the most common arthropod-borne illness in the US and the incidence of Lyme disease in the US is roughly three times greater than the incidence of ehrlichiosis, another tick-borne illness. 

Could this blood-engorged tick carry Lyme disease bacteria? By flipping the tick on its back morphological structures can be seen. The dark brown circle in the center is the anus (yes, ticks have these too). A faint, right-side-up horseshoe or cup-shaped line called the anal suture below the anus indicates that this is not a blacklegged tick. Concerns about contracting Lyme disease from this tick can be put to rest. That’s good news.

In previous episodes we met blacklegged ticks, the vector of Lyme disease. We also learned about red-meat allergies and ehrlichiosis and the lone star ticks responsible for these afflictions. The message this week is short and to the point. If you discover a tick that has embedded in your skin (in contrast to one still roaming around) do not simply pluck it off and toss it out. A better move is to determine its identity and discover what disease organisms it might harbor. There are several tick-testing services that will identify the tick and perform molecular analysis to determine several important disease agents it may be carrying. Tick identification is available through the University of Maryland, but this service does not test for disease agents. On a recent encounter with a tick, after removing a lone star tick from my waist, I sent it off to a tick-testing laboratory. Within a week, I had results and this little rascal tested negative for the causal agents of Lyme disease, relapsing fever, anaplasmosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Pacific Coast tick fever, tularemia, and ehrlichiosis. Lucky me. If your report comes back and tests are positive for one or more tick borne diseases, consult your physician and develop an action plan. Several tick-testing services can be found on the internet by simply googling “Tick Testing Services”. They provide step by step directions to prepare your sample for analysis and where to send it.

Just as a reminder, to reduce the risks of becoming a meal for a tick and the unfortunate recipient of alpha-gal, STARI, ehrlichiosis, or other tick-borne illnesses including Lyme disease, remember the word “AIR”. This stands for avoid, inspect, and remove.

“A” – Avoid ticks and their bites in the following ways. When taking Fido for a walk, stick to the path, trail, or pavement. You are unlikely to encounter ticks on non-grassy surfaces. If you enter habitats where wildlife and ticks are likely to be present, such as grassy meadows, borders of fields and woodlands, and vegetation along the banks of streams, wear long pants and light-colored clothing. This will help you spot ticks on your clothes as they move up your body. Be a geek – tuck your pant legs into your socks. Pants tucked into socks forces ticks to move up and over your clothes rather than under them where tasty skin awaits. Apply repellents labeled for use in repelling ticks. Some are applied directly to skin, but others can be applied only to clothing. Don’t forget to treat your footwear, socks, and pant legs. Immature ticks, the rascally and hard to detect nymphs, are a key vector of diseases and these precautions will help prevent nymphs and adults from attaching to your skin. If repellents are used, be sure to read the label, follow directions carefully, and heed precautions particularly those related to children. If your adventures take you into tick territory, consider placing your cloths directly into a clothes dryer rather than a hamper upon returning home. The heat of the dryer will kill hitchhiking ticks that might otherwise escape clothes in the hamper and cause trouble after your return home.

“I” – Inspect yourself, your family, and your pets thoroughly if you have been in tick habitats. Remember to do this when you return from the outdoors and when taking a shower. A thorough inspection may involve enlisting a helper to view those “hard to see” areas around back.

“R” – Remove ticks promptly if you find them. Removal within the first 24 hours can greatly decrease your risk of contracting a disease. If you find a tick attached, firmly grasp the tick as close to your skin as possible using a pair of fine forceps and slowly, steadily pull the tick out. Cleanse the area with antiseptic. The CDC and the Bug-Guy do not recommend methods of tick removal such as smearing the tick with petroleum jelly or scorching its rear end with a match. Cases of some tick-borne diseases such as Lyme disease are the most common in children and seniors, so take special care to keep kids of all ages safe when they play outdoors.

Acknowledgements

Bug of the Week thanks Brian for sharing his tick, which served as the inspiration for this episode. To learn more about tick identification and diseases ticks carry, please visit the wonderful resources provided by Québec National Institute of Public Health and the CDC Tick ID website.

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Discover Which Types of Bugs Can Be Found in Your Home’s Gutters and What to Do About the Pests

Insects are far more creative and adaptable than many people realize. When they need to survive, they band together to share resources and make their homes in unlikely spots.  

You may not think of gutters as a hot spot for pests, but you would be wrong. These essential frames channel water away from the roofline and foundation of structures, serving as a simple, yet powerful water management system. By preventing water buildup in vulnerable areas, gutters help protect the structural integrity of buildings.  

So, what happens when gutters become clogged or damaged? The moisture accumulation in the frame provides an ideal environment for many resourceful pests to nest. Bugs in gutters also have easier access to homes and businesses, which is why pest control is essential. Let’s take a closer look at three of the bugs that could be in your gutters and how to get rid of them.  

Carpenter Ants  

When gutters don’t work properly, they have the potential to create significant problems, such as moisture damage and rotting wood. In turn, rotting wood may attract carpenter ants. Although these ants don’t sting, they sometimes bite. Additionally, carpenter ants chew through wood and cause extensive damage to homes, buildings, and other structures.  

Signs of Carpenter Ants  

Carpenter ants are often referred to as “silent destroyers.” Because they tunnel into wood without creating external damage, these insects frequently go unnoticed for a while. If you see large ants (usually 1/4 inch to 3/4 inch) that are black or red, you are likely dealing with carpenter ants. Additional signs include hearing soft, rustling sounds coming from the walls and finding piles of sawdust or wood shavings near wooden structures.  

Carpenter Ant Activity and Habitat  

Carpenter ants build their nests inside wood and typically prefer structural lumber that is soft and moisture damaged. Gutters that aren’t functioning properly create the ideal environment for these bugs. Once they locate wood that meets their needs, they get to work, chewing up tiny bits of wood and discarding it as they tunnel inside and create nests.  

Large colonies can contain up to 10,000 workers and often include sizable networks of tunnels with multiple nests. Left undisturbed, carpenter ants can severely damage structures and compromise their safety and stability.  

Mosquitoes

Clogged gutters create standing water, and that is a mosquito’s dream habitat. Mosquitoes love moisture-rich environments to lay their eggs, which can take as little as five days to hatch and develop into adults. These pests are more than just a biting nuisance. They can transmit dangerous diseases, including Zika and West Nile viruses, which can cause fever, joint pain, and other serious symptoms. 

Signs of Mosquitoes  

Mosquitoes have long, narrow bodies that can grow up to 2 inches long. They have a characteristic buzz that is easy to hear when they fly nearby. Seeing and hearing the bugs aren’t the only signs that you have a mosquito problem. The red, itchy welts left behind by their bites are a sure sign of these insects.  

Mosquito Activity and Habitat  

Mosquitoes can lay eggs — sometimes hundreds at once — in as little as 1/4 inch of water, making gutters an attractive spot. Male and female mosquitoes feed on plants, but females also drink blood from humans and animals to nourish their bodies for producing eggs. When you get bitten, the mosquito also injects you with saliva, which can contain dangerous pathogens.  

Wasps and Hornets 

Use caution while cleaning those gutters out – you might encounter a nasty sting. Hornets and wasps are beneficial insects in the garden because they prey on other pests, including aphids, spiders, and other insects that harm plants. Clogged or unclogged gutters can offer an attractive spot for these pests to create a nest. Some species can be more aggressive than others. Overall, bees, wasps, and hornets account for approximately 500,000 emergency room visits every year.  

Signs of Wasps and Hornets 

These feared insects are typically active during the day, returning to their nests in the evening. Seeing them flying in and out of gutters can be an indicator. Finding a papery, comb-like or smooth nest can tell you definitively that you’re dealing with one (or more) of these insects.  

Wasp and Hornet Activity and Habitat 

The proximity to moisture draws them in, offering easy access to water-dwelling pests that they can use as a food source. Gutters also provide a hollow, protected environment where they can build their nests. The corner of gutters, around brackets, and along the inside are typically favored. Wasps and hornets build nests from wood pulp, giving them a characteristic paper-like appearance. 

How to Get Rid of Pests in Gutters 

Prevention and protection are essential to protecting properties from pests. Gutters present an attractive spot for these insects (and other pests) to access food, water, and shelter. Clogged gutters pose a double threat, with standing water and decaying debris that can act like a beacon. Keeping the gutters clean, maintaining them, and ensuring they are properly installed are essential to preventing bugs in your gutters.  

Contact Catseye Pest Control to Eliminate Unwanted Pests 

For expert pest control near you, turn to the experts. Simply keeping your gutters clear may not be enough to get rid of pests in gutters or eliminate a pest problem. Our licensed, knowledgeable technicians will perform a free, thorough inspection to get to the heart of the problem and create a customized treatment plan.  

Schedule your free inspection online or by phone at 888-292-6894 to get started today.  

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On a recent visit to a spectacular residential garden in Columbia, MD, I was chagrined to see beautiful clusters of columbines denuded of leaves and reduced to spindly blossom-tipped stubs. Swarming about these unfortunate beauties were what at first appeared to be tiny black flies. Upon closer inspection the presence of four wings instead of two confirmed that these were not flies, but primitive wasps known as sawflies. Flies belong to a clan of insects, Diptera, with but one pair of wings and sawflies are part of the bee and wasp clan, Hymenoptera, with two pairs of wings.

Why are they called sawflies? Well, not because you saw them. No, these primitive wasps bear a saw-like appendage on their abdomen used to slice leaves or stems of plants to create a pocket into which eggs are inserted. This particular non-native sawfly has roots throughout much of central Europe and was first discovered in North America in Canada, the year Surfin’ U.S.A. topped the charts in 1963. By 1983 these rascals reached upstate New York and they now occur from the eastern seaboard to the Rockies. Adult sawflies feed on a variety of foods including nectar, pollen, and other insects. Ah, but larval columbine sawflies have powerful jaws to devour the leaves of columbines.

 

Columbines are among the most beautiful perennials to grace natural landscapes and gardens. But trouble is afoot when tiny black wasps called columbine sawflies arrive on the scene. Female wasps use a saw-like appendage to slice leaves and insert eggs into tender leaf tissue. Eggs hatch and tiny caterpillar-like larvae with black heads munch nutritious leaves. As larvae grow and develop, they remove ever larger portions of leaf tissue and may completely defoliate plants. If you discover these rascals on your columbine, pick them off, dispose of them, or feed them to the birds!

Many sawfly larvae resemble caterpillars, the larval stage of moths and butterflies. However, there is an easy way to tell most sawfly larvae from caterpillars. First, let’s have an anatomy lesson. Larval sawflies and caterpillars have a head and three thoracic segments that usually bear pairs of segmented legs. Most caterpillars and sawflies have paired leg-like appendages called prolegs on their abdominal segments. Prolegs help them grasp the plants on which they live and feed. Caterpillars with prolegs have five or fewer pairs and sawflies with prolegs have six or more pairs. By counting the pairs of prolegs, voilà, you can differentiate between caterpillars and sawfly larvae. One more tidbit, prolegs of most caterpillars bear fish-hook-like structures called crochets on their prolegs, while sawfly larvae have naked prolegs. How daring!

Northern states in the U.S. and Canada report a single generation of columbine sawflies annually. At the time of this posting in early June here in Maryland, a second generation of columbine sawflies is well underway. In England, three or more generations occur each year. Densities of these leaf munchers can be so great that columbines are completely stripped of their foliage. Fortunately, columbines have remarkable restorative powers and may be able to withstand severe defoliation. What can be done to mitigate damage caused by these rascals? Here in the mid-Atlantic, check your columbines within the first month that new foliage appears in the spring and then at biweekly intervals. Damage will first appear at the margins of leaves before entire lobes disappear. Larva are easily removed and crushed. For a real avian treat, collect larvae and place them on a bird feeding station where they will be gobbled up by our feathered friends. If touching insect larvae is not your thing, there are several insecticides listed by the Organic Material Review Institute (OMRI) that can bring a rapid halt to shenanigans caused by these columbine devouring critters. Oh, and when using insecticides always be sure to read and follow directions on the label. 

To see a great video of columbine sawflies and how to manage them, please click on this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtLyWg7hV0o

Acknowledgements

Inspiration for this week’s episode comes from Ron and Leslie for allowing us to visit their garden to watch and study columbine sawflies and from Max who created the awesome video on columbine sawfly management. The enlightening articles “Common Columbine Pests: Columbine Leafminer and Columbine Sawfly” by Susan Mahr, and “Pests of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers” by David V. Alford, were used as references for this story. 

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Bee season has arrived and the flood of pollinators and other beneficial insects in my flower gardens is underway. My bee balms and other monardas are revving up their flower heads in preparation for another busy season serving nectar and pollen. While inspecting my perennials in anticipation of this event, I noticed several bee balms adorned with small necrotic spots and puckered leaves. This was the handiwork of the fourlined plant bug, a bodacious member of the Hemiptera clan infamous for distorting and disfiguring plant parts. Like other true bugs, this rascal has sucking mouthparts that pierce plant tissue and rupture delicate cells. Following the initial piercing by the beak, salivary enzymes are secreted into the plant to digest and liquefy plant tissues in preparation for the big suck. Inside the bug’s head is a tiny pump that is activated after insertion of its needlelike stylets into the plant. Rhythmic contractions of muscles create negative pressure, drawing nutrient rich cell contents into the digestive tract of the beast. One would think this insult was enough, but no, after the bug has removed its beak the lingering digestive action of these salivary enzymes, or pectinases, continue to degrade cell walls, leaving behind unsightly necrotic spots. In addition to leaf distortion and discoloration, dead tissue zones drop from leaves creating a lattice of small irregular holes.

A few weeks ago, tiny red nymphs of fourlined plant bugs hatched from overwintered eggs in plant litter. Their feeding distorts leaves and creates necrotic spots. A very pregnant female will soon deposit eggs in plant tissue. Digestive enzymes secreted into leaves produce dark lesions on leaves that remain long after adults scurry away.

Besides pestering my herbaceous perennials, fourlined plant bug is known to attack more than 250 species of plants including many vegetables, trees, and shrubs. While this may sound like the 11th biblical plague, fourlined plant bugs do their dirty work early in the season and my bee balms and other perennials will surely outgrow these plant bug shenanigans and flower just fine. Most gardeners consider fourlined plant bug damage to be cosmetic and nothing more. To reduce damage caused by the bug, remove old plant debris from the garden in late autumn. Bugs overwinter as eggs in plant rubble so this will reduce the inoculum of colonists the following spring. If retribution is more your style, you can cup your hands around infested leaves, dislodge the bugs within, and simply crush their little bodies or deposit them into a cup of soapy water (their swimming skills are not well developed). Applications of horticultural oils or insecticidal soaps will also bring a swift end to their lives. If using soaps or oils, as with all insecticides, be sure to follow label directions and avoid applications when pollinators and other beneficial insects are present. Directed sprays of water with a garden hose may dislodge these bugs, sending them to the soil where the hungry jaws of ground beetles and other predators await. If bee balms and other pollinator-friendly plants abound in your beds, this week take a peek and look for the handiwork of foulined plant bugs.

Acknowledgements     

The great references “Fourlined Plant Bugs” by Jeffrey Hahn and Suzanne Wold-Burkness, and “Role of Saliva in the Highly Destructive Fourlined Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae: Mirinae)” by Allen Carson Cohen and Alfred G. Wheeler Jr., were used in preparing this episode. 

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Do Not DIY: Dealing with Wasp Nests Requires Professional Help  

Spring and summer are filled with outdoor fun and activities, but warm weather also heralds the beginning of wasp season. Typically stretching from April through October, the months that most people enjoy spending time outside are also ideal for wasps and stinging insects of all types.  

When you’re relaxing outside your home or business and notice a wasp nest, it may be tempting to knock it down or reach for a can of wasp killer. However, removing a wasp nest should never be a do-it-yourself (DIY) project.  

Let’s take a look at how to identify a wasp nest and the potential dangers of trying to remove it yourself. The key reasons for calling for professional wasp nest removal are quite convincing when compared to the consequences of ignoring them.  

4 Reasons to Never DIY Wasp Nest Removal 

Trying to remove wasp nests on your own can lead to discomfort at best and incredibly dangerous situations at worst. No matter what species of wasp is nesting on your property, you shouldn’t ignore these four significant reasons for paying for professional wasp nest removal.  

Wasps Have a Painful Sting 

One misstep or mistake is all it takes to give wasps a reason to sting you. Unlike bees, wasps can sting multiple times, increasing the misery of the encounter exponentially. Wasp stings are notoriously painful and often trigger a significant reaction, with swelling, redness, and localized tenderness. Some people can treat their stings at home with over-the-counter pain relievers and a cold pack. For others, wasp stings can trigger a dangerous — possibly even deadly — allergic reaction.  

Some Wasps Are Social, Others Aggressive, and All Are Protective of the Nest 

The region is home to various species of wasps, and some are aggressive. Others don’t typically bother humans — until they disturb their nests. Once wasps feel threatened, all bets are off. Social wasps can even release pheromones as a distress signal to alert nearby wasps to come and help them. You could realistically end up facing a swarm and get stung by multiple wasps.  

You Could Leave Part of the Colony Behind 

Professionals have the knowledge and experience to know exactly what to look for as well as how to ensure the entire colony is removed. If any members of the colony remain, they will come back and rebuild. Licensed pest removal companies can ensure complete wasp control and nest removal. We have the protective gear needed to avoid contact with wasps and the equipment to remove them from hard-to-reach nesting locations.  

Not All Nests Need to Be Removed 

Wasps can be a painful nuisance, but these insects also play a pivotal role in the ecosystem. Wasps pollinate plants and are predators that perform biological pest control by feeding on other problematic insects. It’s essential to only remove wasp nests if they pose an actual threat to people. Catseye Pest Control’s expert technicians can assess the situation and determine the best course of action to keep people, pets, and the environment safe.  

What Does a Wasp Nest Look Like?  

Different types of wasps create different types of nests. Each typically has a paper-like finish and may be gray or brown, typically with a spherical shape. Common wasps that build nests include: 

• Paper wasps: These nests look papery and are shaped similarly to an inverted umbrella. They are common in wall voids, attics, and eaves. 
• Yellow jackets: These nests are usually round and covered in a papery substance. You might find them in hollow trees, wall voids, underneath porches, in attic eaves, and even under insulation. 
• Mud daubers: These wasp nests look like tubes of mud and are usually small. You might find them in areas like cracks in stone, timber, and masonry around buildings and other structures. 

Is It an Active Nest?  

This is the main question you should consider before even thinking about removing a wasp nest. One way to figure this out is by the size of the nest and the time of year.  

Wasps typically go through four periods throughout the year. In spring, dormant queens emerge from hibernation to lay eggs. This growth period becomes highly active during summer, which is typically considered peak wasp season. In fall, wasps begin dying off, and the queen prepares to hibernate for the winter. If you see a very large nest in spring, it’s likely not active because the colony is just starting to grow at that time of year.  

Watching for wasp activity is another way to tell if the nest is active. Active nests will have worker wasps flying in and out during the day.  

Professional Wasp Nest Removal 

Catseye’s highly trained, licensed technicians start by performing a thorough inspection of the property to locate all nests. Based on their findings, they will create a plan for safe wasp nest removal that is tailored to your unique circumstances.  

Do not attempt to remove wasp nests on your own. Contact our experienced team for prompt, professional service. Our Platinum Home Protection Program provides year-round treatment and preventive services to keep you and those you care about safe. 

Take the first step in eliminating wasps from your property. Schedule a free inspection today. 

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Aficionados of Bug of the Week bear witness to the Jekyll and Hyde nature of this blog. Sometimes we advise eliminating bugs like mosquitos, and sometimes we advocate saving bugs like cicadas – how strange. This week we do a little of both with paper wasps, Polistes spp. Many of us have had the enlightening experience of coming just a bit too close to a paper wasp nest and being rewarded with a memorable sting. I happened upon one such nest cleverly hidden between supports of a pergola and suffered the consequence of getting a bit too close. Nests are typically located beneath overhangs of houses or sheds or in other protected locations. Each nest is initiated in spring by a female wasp called a foundress. The foundress survived the wicked winter in a sheltered spot, perhaps beneath the bark of a tree or a behind a loose piece of siding on a home. 

This covered entryway welcomes not only human visitors but also paper wasps ready to make a home. In one corner a female prepares an anchor for her paper nest. One week later, several cells have been created and the first of her eggs has been deposited. In another corner, two females are a bit further along with nest construction with several cells completed. On a nearby wall a third wasp has laid several eggs. By late summer, nests will bustle with females preparing food for dozens of hungry larval mouths.

In spring, the foundress uses her powerful jaws to gather wood fiber from trees and shrubs. She chews it into pulp and molds the pulp into papery cells. The ever-enlarging nest is shaped like a parasol and suspended by a narrow stalk called a pedicel. After the first few hexagonal cells are constructed, the foundress deposits an egg within each chamber. Eggs soon hatch into legless larvae. Her youngsters have healthy appetites and the queen gets busy hunting food for her babes. Caterpillars are one of the favorite menu items and in this way paper wasps are our allies in the fight against these leaf-munching garden pests. By capturing many caterpillars, paper wasps reduce damage to our valuable crops and landscape plants. 

Paper wasps like this European paper wasp can often be seen gathering wood fibers to build their nests.

After subduing its prey, the paper wasp uses its jaws to slice and dice the victim into a spongy ball. The caterpillar ball is transported back to the nest where hungry mouths await. A high protein diet of fresh caterpillar meat helps small wasp larvae grow rapidly. 

After the prey has been turned into a pulpy ball of flesh, a worker brings the prize back to the nest where nest-mates divvy up the meat to feed developing larvae in their papery cells.

Not all potential foundresses are successful in establishing a colony. Some may join an established nest where they assist the resident foundress in caring for the brood. These subordinates forgo their right to produce young of their own. If some do attempt to lay eggs in the nest, the dominant foundress will find her competitor’s eggs and eat them. Tyranny rules the paper wasp nest! The colony grows as summer progresses and more than a hundred workers may be produced. With the approach of autumn, production in the colony shifts from making workers to making future foundresses and their mates. The new queens and kings that emerge from their cells are a rather lazy lot and spend little time helping with the care of the colony. As workers return to the colony with food for developing larvae, the petulant royals steal and eat the meals. With no more workers being produced and food being diverted to hungry adults, the colony declines. Future foundresses leave the nest to mate and seek protected hibernal refuges. Because of their beneficial nature, paper wasps and their nests should be left alone whenever they do not threaten humans or pets. 

And here is where Mr. Hyde steps in. Recently, a concerned homeowner shared an image of a small wasp nest just under construction in the entryway of a home. As the season progresses and dozens of workers are produced, nests in locations like this pose a threat to folks entering the home. If a foundress starts a nest in a location where people are likely to be stung, surely, you should consider eliminating the nest. Now is an excellent time to do so here in the DMV while the nest is small and few, if any, workers are present. Nests can often be eliminated from a distance with a strong stream of water from a garden hose. This mode of disruption allows the foundress to start another nest anew or perhaps join a different colony. Of course, wasp sprays now or later in the season will also do the trick. 

So, maybe have a look beneath overhangs, in the carport, or at the entryway to your home and eliminate a potential problem now. If you discover a nest out by the barn or in another less worrisome place, maybe watch at a distance the antics of these interesting beneficial insects.

 Acknowledgements

Two marvelous references, “The Insect Societies” by E.O. Wilson and “Biological studies of Polistes in North Carolina (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)” by R.L. Rabb, were used in the preparation of this episode. We thank Anne and Jim for providing the inspiration for this episode.

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Discover Important Information About World Pest Day and Why It Is So Important for Homeowners and Business Owners 

Humans have been struggling with pest control for thousands of years. As World Pest Day approaches on June 6, this is a prime time to honor the professionals who protect our homes, businesses, and other structures.  

Since 1987, Catseye Pest Control has worked tirelessly to provide exceptional service and innovative solutions to keep people, pets, and properties safe and healthy. Our experience gives us a unique perspective and a wealth of industry knowledge about the issues people face every day.  

In honor of World Pest Day 2023, let’s take a closer look at the holiday and its significance. 

What Is World Pest Day? 

World Pest Day launched on June 6, 2017, when the National Pest Management Association (NPMA) joined other global organizations in sponsoring the holiday. Other participants include the Chinese Pest Control Association, the Federation of Asian and Oceania Pest Managers’ Association, and the Confederation of European Pest Management Associations.  

World Pest Day kicked off with a ceremony at the Beijing Hotel. Since then, it has become an essential time to increase awareness and call attention to the threats humanity faces from pests, both large and small. Pest management is essential for maintaining the quality of life for humans, plants, animals, and physical structures.  

Why Is Pest Control Important? 

Pest management has existed for centuries. The earliest records date as far back as 3000 B.C. when Ancient Egyptians used cats to control rodents. By 2500 B.C., the Ancient Sumerians used the first insecticides: sulfur compounds. 

In a span of thousands of years, pest control has come a long way and now does less harm to people, pets, and ecosystems while providing more effective control. In fact, the quality of life that we enjoy today is a direct result of the strides made in effective pest control. Pest management affects everything from crops and agriculture to people and pets. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, which combine prevention and treatment, aim to minimize the risks and hazards for people and the environment.  

Many people are tempted to try DIY practices when experiencing pests or nuisance wildlife in their homes or businesses. However, professionals have what it takes for long-term success. Benefits of professional pest control include:  

Professionals Minimize Your Risk 

Pests can be dangerous. Insects, rodents, and nuisance wildlife can carry infectious diseases like West Nile virus, Lyme disease, hantavirus, and rabies. Coming into contact with saliva, urine, or droppings can expose you to contagions. Additionally, rodents and nuisance wildlife may bite or scratch, particularly if they feel threatened. Pest control professionals handle everything, from identification to removal to cleanup to keep you and the people you care about safe.  

Prevention Is the Ultimate Control 

Professionals assess your unique property and circumstances to see how and why pests and wildlife enter the premises. Proactive services, like bi-monthly visits for inspection and monitoring and exclusion, which seals off entry points, can keep pests under control for good. With professionals on your side, an infestation can be immediately halted before it turns into a large problem.  

Professionals Have Education and Equipment 

At Catseye, providing the best pest management and customer service is what we do. Our trained, licensed professionals stay on top of all the latest technologies, techniques, and treatments. This allows us to provide the best possible pest control services all year long. We have the knowledge to identify pests, and we know where to look for them and how to eliminate them. We can also use our expertise to teach you ways to better protect your home, business, or other property. 

Raising Awareness Through Pest Control Services 

Pest control services rely on several strategies to manage properties. Chemical treatments are among the most effective methods for eliminating many pests, but they can be dangerous when handled incorrectly. Monitoring and exclusion are other strategies that can help control infestations and prevent future problems.  

Catseye provides various options for residential and commercial customers — all designed to minimize the negative impacts on the ecosystem. We specialize in greener, environmentally friendly solutions for homes, businesses, industrial properties, and more.  

Residential Pest Control  

Homeowners and renters deserve the peace of mind that comes with knowing their homes are free of common pests like ants, bed bugs, spiders, and cockroaches. We provide a free, detailed inspection of every property, which allows our trained and licensed technicians to identify pests and problem areas. We use that information to create a plan that is tailored to your unique property and circumstances. 

Commercial Pest Control  

Businesses of all types have an obligation to their employees and customers. Remaining pest-free is essential, and Catseye’s commercial pest control services provide year-round coverage for peace of mind. Our Commercial Pest Protection Program covers customers for everything from centipedes and wasps to mice and rats — essentially any pest that invades your property. Our technicians ensure your business will meet and exceed all health standards. 

Exclusion Services 

Keeping rodents and wildlife out of your home, building, or property provides long-term satisfaction and peace of mind. In addition to making minor repairs to seal gaps, cracks, and other openings, Catseye offers our Rodent and Wildlife Exclusion Systems. These permanent barriers provide a permanent solution and targeted protection by physically blocking entry points.  

Take Control of Your Home or Business with Professional Pest Control Services 

World Pest Day calls attention to a global problem that exists 365 days a year. The professionals at Catseye are here to help keep your home or business safe and pest-free. Contact us today for more information about our environmentally friendly services. 

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